Class 12
Units I. Relations and Functions
II. Algebra
III. Calculus
IV. Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry
V. Linear Programming
VI. Probability
Appendix: 1. Proofs in Mathematics
2. Mathematical Modelling
Chapters with Time Allocation
Relations and Functions Periods
Inverse Trigonometric Functions Periods
Matrices Periods
Determinants Periods
Continuity and Differentiability Periods
Applications of Derivatives Periods
Integrals Periods
Applications of the Integrals Periods
Differential Equations Periods
Vectors Periods
Three-dimensional Geometry Periods
Linear Programming Periods
Probability Periods
Unit I: Relations and Functions 1. Relations and Functions Types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions, composite functions, inverse of a function. Binary operations. 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions Definition, range, domain, principal value branches. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.
Unit II: Albegra 1. Matrices Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries). 2. Determinants Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 × 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.
Unit III: Calculus
1. Continuity and Differentiability Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivatives. Logarithmic differentiation. Derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations.
2. Applications of Derivatives Applications of derivatives: Rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents and normals, approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations).
3. Integrals Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, only simple integrals of the type ± + + ± – + + ? ? ? ? ? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 , , , , , dx dx dx dx dx x a ax bx c x a a x ax bx c ++ ±- ++ ++ ? ? ? ? 2 2 2 2 2 2 ( ) ( ) ,, px q px q dx dx a x dx and x a dx ax bx c ax bx c to be evaluated. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.
4. Applications of the Integrals Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, arcs of circles/parabolas/ ellipses (in standard form only), area between the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).
5. Differential Equations Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type: P Q,dy y dx += where P and Q are functions of x.
Unit IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry
1. Vectors Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines/ratios of vectors. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Scalar (dot) product of vectors, projection of a vector on a line. Vector (cross) product of vectors.
2. Three-dimensional Geometry Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane.
Unit V: Linear Programming Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constrains).
Unit VI: Probability Multiplication theorem on probability. Conditional probability, independent events, total probability, Baye’s theorem. Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance of haphazard variable. Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.
Appendix 1. Proofs in Mathematics Through a variety of examples related to mathematics and already familiar to the learner, bring out different kinds of proofs: direct, contrapositive, by contradiction, by counter-example. 2. Mathematical Modelling Modelling real-life problems where many constraints may really need to be ignored (continuing from Class XI). However, now the models concerned would use techniques/results of matrices, calculus and linear programming.